In spite of thorough elucidation of peripheral efferent and afferent innervations of the spindle organ ( Matthews, 1964 Boyd, 1980 Hulliger, 1984 Prochazka, 1999), the importance of γ motor system in motor control is still not well understood.Ī consistently observed phenomenon during both movement and posture control is α-γ co-activation ( Vallbo, 1971 Taylor et al., 2004, 2006 Prochazka and Ellaway, 2012). One of the remaining issues in sensorimotor control is to account for the role of γ motor system in movement and posture. Our understanding about how movements are organized and how muscles are coordinated in performing different tasks remains incomplete due to lack of in vivo data during behaviors. The physiological system of human motor control is not only highly redundant ( Bernstein, 1967 Martin et al., 2009), but also endowed with intricate dual α and γ sensorimotor control ( Granit, 1975 Pierrot-Deseilligny and Burke, 2005 Lan and He, 2012 Prochazka and Ellaway, 2012). Our results illustrated that tuning the simple forms of α-γ commands can reproduce a range of human reach-to-hold movements, and it is necessary to coordinate the set of α-γ descending commands for accurate and stable control of movement and posture. Deafferentation in the model showed that losing proprioceptive afferents mainly affected the terminal position of movement, similar to the abnormal behaviors observed in human and animals. Deefferentation in the model indicated that accurate static commands of α s and γ s are essential to achieve stable terminal posture precisely, and that the γ d command is as important as the α d command in controlling antagonistic muscles for desired movements. Independent control of joint position and stiffness could be achieved by adjusting static commands. In particular, the function of γ d was to gate the α d command at the propriospinal neurons (PN) such that antagonistic muscles can accelerate or decelerate the limb with proper timing. The matched movement showed smooth reach-to-hold trajectories qualitatively close to human behaviors, and the reproduced EMGs showed the classic tri-phasic patterns. We matched our model to human reaching movement data by straightforward adjustments of descending commands derived from either minimal-jerk trajectories or human EMGs. In the model, we divided the cortical descending commands into static and dynamic sets, where static commands (α s and γ s) were for posture maintenance and dynamic commands (α d and γ d) were responsible for movement. The model comprised physiologically realistic spinal circuitry, muscles, proprioceptors, and skeletal biomechanics. Here a computational model of α-γ control of muscles and spindles was used to investigate α-γ integration and coordination for movement and posture. Mounting evidence suggests that both α and γ motoneurons are active during movement and posture, but how does the central motor system coordinate the α-γ controls in these tasks remains sketchy due to lack of in vivo data. 4Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.3Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital of School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.2School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
1School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.Additionally Gamma Control offers two profiles, which is controlled by "CTRL + ALT + S" and "CTRL + ALT + W" by standard, to adjust the gamma respectively to 0 and to the previous used configuration.Si Li 1, Cheng Zhuang 1, Manzhao Hao 1, Xin He 1, Juan C.
GAMMA CONTROL DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE
This software is especially useful when gaming, as you only need to press the key combinations and not having to quit the game.
GAMMA CONTROL DOWNLOAD FULL
Gamma Control allows you to put your monitor to sleep, by pressing key combinations, which especially proves useful if you have more than one monitor, and you wish you put them in standby mode when you leave.Įpic features of version 4 of Gamma Control is that it now offers full customization of hotkeys.Īdditionally, hotkeys are no longer limited to the keyboard, you can also use the mouse buttons left, right, middle, button 4/5, scroll up/down. Or you can adjust the gamma levels by using a trackbar. Gamma Control is an easy to use software designed to let you adjust the gamma on your computer, by just pressing a combination of keys on your keyboard. With Gamma Control you can adjust the gamma on your computer.
0 kommentar(er)
